Newton
1/
Proclaiming 'gravity' in this manner was a direct contradiction of the stated idea of the 'drawing' ability of matter being 'proportion of its quantity'. The product of two masses is not a proportion of mass perse. E.g. M + m = 10 units of mass.
The 1 kilogram (above) observed to accelerate at a greater rate than the 4 kilograms means Sir Isaac's formula exists contrary to attraction being in proportion to quantity.
2/
For his part Sir Isaac did specifically appeal to readers about 'gravity' being an unknown of his faculties.
Simple arithmetical analysis shows Sir Isaac was originally underpinning his logic on an opposite direction oversight. If picked up, 'readers' of Sir Isaac would have been entering Sir Isaac's 'gravity' knowledge gap (about how the gravity of the universe could constantly work through an apparent vacuum) from a discontinuous inverse square law perspective.
When applied to the earth and the moon, the actual calculation arithmetically explains the induction of a high tide under the moon. With respect of Sir Isaac's mutual proclamation, the calculation shows gravity fields / inverse square laws to be discontinuous. Sir Isaac's proclamation about the universe was relying on inverse square laws being perfectly continuous.
At the two particle level, a termination of inverse square laws in between adjacent masses precludes an acceleration of a larger mass towards a smaller mass. And, when taken further, arithmetically shows a smaller adjacent inverse square law is contained within the larger of the adjacent pair.
At the two particle level, a termination of inverse square laws in between adjacent masses precludes an acceleration of a larger mass towards a smaller mass. And, when taken further, arithmetically shows a smaller adjacent inverse square law is contained within the larger of the adjacent pair.
The problematic assumption is the one of the moon's inverse square law reaching the earth. To be made sensible, Newton's law of gravity requires sensible supportive arithmetic demonstrating the extension of the moon's inverse square law (inverse square law of m above) beyond the descent direction change point.
3/
The tidy up question is how mass multiplied by mass was discerned. The notable likelihood is unreasoned unification of his second law with itself.......
Sir Isaac's second law of motion proclaims a direct relationship between force and the acceleration a force causes. The greater the force applied to a mass, in a direct proportion the greater the rate of momentum gain of that mass.
What was most likely done with his second law is decide the acceleration due to 'gravity' a mass causes towards itself is the equivalent of mass (if matter thus draws matter it must be proportion of its quantity). The inverse square law of diminishing acceleration applied to this decided equivalence has given second law rates of acceleration due to what he was terming 'gravity' at a particular distance from any mass in the universe.
Consistent with his omitted consideration about how inverse square laws penetrate each other, what Sir Isaac has not been sufficiently aware of at this stage is the inverse square law refers to curved surface area. Not simply distance squared.
With a belief that distance in an inverse square law simply refers to distance from the centre of a mass, from there Sir Isaac's law of mutual gravitation appears as a scalar mirror image of itself. But not as one empirical or self evident or coherent vector law linking every two particles in the universe together.
These instances of his second law ended up being one and the same.
Outside of the instances not being one or the same, the problems faced were the product of mass and acceleration is a measure of the effect side of his second law.
The second problem was one of presumption. Without observing the earth accelerate towards the apple, presumption was allowed as fact.
Below the inner structure of the law of gravity is laid out as a mistake. The question for current mathematical physicists to be asking themselves is what other way could Sir Isaac have come up with a mass x mass drawing power edict?
We can understand length x length as area.
What is mass x mass?
How does mass x mass divided by area become a force?
The need for both action and force to be conveyed through space was what Sir Isaac needed to explain. Actions are not conveyed through space. Actions (descents) are an occurrence in space.
4/
The first real enthusiasm 'mutual gravitation' caused seems to have been the prediction of outer planet Neptune. Modern earth professors privy to exactly how this was done can decide if a mutual formula was actually used................
When analysed, the acceleration direction conflict between Sir Isaac's second law and mutual gravitation explains what happened. Omitting to be forthcoming after the fact, Sir Isaac used his second law twice to build one law of gravitation.
5/
Prior to the discovery of Neptune, the constant of Sir Isaac's formula had been calculated. The calculation was a side product of an attempt to weigh the earth using Sir Isaac's formula. However....
The units of the constant declare it to have only one mass. If it was the constant of Sir Isaac's formula, the constant would involve two masses.
With the smaller mass being cancelled out, beyond Sir Isaac's life the on paper proof of the mutual formula is a setting of Newton's second law equal to itself.
The cancelling out in a Cavendish second law experiment demonstrates that 'gravity' is a rate of acceleration. Not a force. (When a schoolteacher says 'force due to the earth's gravity', he or she should be teaching 'acceleration due to presence in the earth's inverse square law.')
6/
Sir Isaac said there is a direct proportion between drawing and quantity. This is unlikely to be so. The moon has 1/50 of the volume of the earth and 1/6 of an acceleration rate towards its centre on its surface. Using the small mass cancel out and the constant found from Cavendish experiments the moon's mass is assessed to be about 1/80 of the earth's mass. The salient point being when the small masses are canceled out in the determinations of celestial mass magnitudes, Sir Isaac's formula is not a necessary part of celestial mass magnitude calculations. All that is used is the constant between mass, the inverse square and a measured rate of acceleration towards the mass being measured.
7/
The pith of Sir Isaac's Principia instillation of mutual gravitation into a subsequent earth mindset about the universe appears below. The main error and need to take it to task is highlighted in vermillion.........
Lastly, if it universally appears, by experiments and astronomical observations, that all bodies about the earth, gravitate toward the earth; and that in proportion to the quantity of matter which they severally contain; that the moon likewise, according to the quantity of its matter, gravitates toward the earth; that on the other hand our sea gravitates toward the moon; and all the planets mutually one toward another; and the comets in like manner towards the sun; we must, in consequence of this rule, universally allow, that all bodies whatsoever are endowed with a principle of mutual gravitation.
from Sir Isaac Newton's Principia.
The use of appears = Sir Isaac's command beginning in hope of proof.
They severally contain = addition. Not the product of quantities that appears in the actual law.
Conversely, the moon gravitating towards the earth according to the quantity of its matter = Sir Isaac's contradiction of the moon gravitates towards the earth in accordance with the product of earth and moon quantities (the M x m of his actual law).
Our sea (under the moon) only gravitates towards the earth. The interruption caused by the moon's inverse square law to the earth's inverse square law = this 'gravitation' is less. A lesser weighting/gravitating in one direction does not = a weighting/gravitating in an opposite direction.
Including only the solar system in a universal gravitation announcement = forgoing entitlement to use the expression all bodies whatsoever.
Endowed with = what covers over Sir Isaac's lack of consideration about the arithmetical impact throughout the universe of oppositely directed inverse square laws.
9/
Sir Isaac Newton's mutual force was a meaningless scalar union of two presumed opposing second law vectors. Appreciating opposite descent directions in between particles needed to be done.